Under Article 1484 (3) of the Russian Civil Code, no one is allowed to use without the authorization of the trademark owner confusingly similar marks in connection with the goods for which the trademark has been registered, or similar goods, if such use leads to a likelihood of confusion.
The use of a trademark on the Internet, including in the domain name or other addressing modes (e.g., keywords), falls under the scope of exclusive rights that belong to the trademark owner and, therefore, is permitted only with the trademark owner’s consent.
Unauthorized trademark use, whether committed in the domain name or on the website, is generally prohibited and may be prosecuted by the trademark owner, or its exclusive licensee, in accordance with the applicable Russian law and local practice.
Trademarks vs. Domain Names
Domain name disputes involving the .ru, .рф and .su addresses fall under the jurisdiction of the Russian commercial courts or courts of general jurisdiction, unless they are resolved in the nonjudicial or pre-trial manner. Russia does not adhere to the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP) of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and, therefore, the above country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs) cannot be arbitrated under the UDRP.
While establishing a trademark infringement case, the trademark owner must always act in good faith and avoid any unfair domain name hijacking.
At the same time, Russian courts, including the specialized Russian IP Court, do take into account the fundamental UDRP principles, while resolving local domain name disputes. During a civil procedure instituted in the local court the trademark owner has to prove that:
(1) the conflicting domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the claimant has rights;
(2) the respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name; and
(3) the respondent’s domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith.
UDRP principles are actively used by trademark owners in clearcut trademark infringement matters involving the .ru, .рф and .su ccTLDs when such domain names are only registered but not delegated for posting of any sort of web content or held for further sale or re-sale, or simply used in bad faith and without the trademark owner’s permission.
While establishing a trademark infringement case, the trademark owner must always act in good faith and avoid any unfair domain name hijacking. In the event that the trademark owner has acquired a bad faith trademark registration, and this fact is proved, the case may be dismissed.Trademarks vs. Websites
Domain name registrants are not the only infringers in practice. Persons offering and selling counterfeit goods online (i.e., website operators, actual sellers) are also liable for trademark infringement.
The respective trademark owner (plaintiff) has a valid cause of action against at least two defendants: the domain name registrant; or the actual seller of infringing goods; or both. If there is clear evidence that a particular trademark is infringed because of illegal actions of several persons, those persons will be jointly responsible (Article 1252 (6.1) of the Russian Civil Code).
Online intermediaries, including hosting providers, can also be involved and may be asked to block access to the infringing websites. In practice, hosting providers are forced to stand as codefendants if they have not complied with a trademark owner’s claims outof-court.
From the procedural standpoint, in a classic dispute involving an infringing domain name and the counterfeit website, the trademark owner has to prove the following three basic factors:
(1) the priority of the trademark over the conflicting domain name;
(2) the similarity between the trademark and the conflicting domain name; and
(3) the similarity of the trademarked goods and the goods offered for sale on the website (under the conflicting domain name).
In this connection, the “risk” itself for a mark at issue of being similar to another one, rather than the “real confusion in the eyes of customers,” is already sufficient to assert trademark infringement.
When conflicting trademarks are placed on websites for certain descriptive (information) purposes, or for the promotion of goods authorized for sale and distribution in Russia, the infringement of trademark rights will not take place. In this case, the competent court in Russia will either refer to the concept of “exhaustion of trademark rights,” which is set forth in Article 1487 of the Russian Civil Code, ascertaining the genuine origin of the trademarked goods, or hold that the use of the asserted trademark for information purposes may not create a likelihood of confusion among respective customers.
Comment
Disputes between trademarks and domain names or conflicts between trademarks and websites are very common in Russia.
Foreign as well as domestic brand owners tend to enforce their duly protected trademark rights against cybersquatting or counterfeiting online to enhance their brand value and global reputation.
Normally, trademark owners prefer to claim an injunction and some sort of monetary relief during their civil actions in order to achieve their trademark enforcement goals.
Sergey Medvedev
